Beyond the common subordinating conjunctions, English has several more formal and precise connectors used in academic and professional writing.
In order that (Purpose)
"In order that" is a formal way to express purpose. It means "so that."
- The law was changed in order that everyone would have equal rights.
- We left early in order that we might avoid traffic.
- She saved money in order that she could travel.
In order that vs. So that: Both express purpose. "In order that" is more formal.
Provided that / Providing that (Condition)
"Provided that" means "if" or "on the condition that." It sets a strict requirement.
- You can borrow my car provided that you return it by 6pm.
- Provided that the weather is good, we will have the party outside.
- The project will go ahead provided that we get funding.
Provided that vs. If: "Provided that" emphasizes that the condition must be met.
As though / As if (Comparison)
"As though" and "as if" describe something that appears to be true but may not be.
- She looked as though she had seen a ghost.
- He acts as if he owns the place.
- It looks as though it is going to rain.
Difference from "like": In formal English, use "as if/as though" instead of "like" for comparisons.
- Formal: She looks as if she is tired.
- Informal: She looks like she is tired.
Insofar as / Inasmuch as (Degree)
These are very formal and academic. They mean "to the extent that."
- The plan is good insofar as it addresses the budget.
- Inasmuch as the data is reliable, we can trust the conclusion.
Whereas (Contrast)
"Whereas" is used for direct comparison or contrast between two things.
- Whereas the north is cold, the south is warm.
- My brother likes action movies, whereas I prefer comedies.
Comparison Table
| Conjunction | Function | Formality | Example | | ------------- | ---------- | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | | in order that | purpose | formal | We left early in order that we would arrive on time. | | provided that | condition | formal | I will go provided that you join me. | | as though | comparison | neutral | She acted as though nothing had happened. | | whereas | contrast | formal | Coffee is bitter, whereas tea is mild. | | insofar as | degree | very formal | The theory holds insofar as the data supports it. |